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Country	Pillar	Factor	Framework title	Project cycle	Enforcement practice	Approval body	Approval requirements	Approval timeline	Approval cost	Key provisions	Watch developments
Senegal	Environmental	Deforestation	Code Forestier – Loi n°2018-25 du 12/11/2018 View source Clearing of natural vegetation >0.5 hectare requires authorization. In classified forests or protected areas, any tree felling is forbidden without a permit. Outside protected zones, cutting certain species or large trees still needs a permit and replanting may be mandated.	Design/Pre-Construction	Mandatory – enforced in theory, especially in gazetted forests (rangers patrol). In practice, small rural clearings often proceed informally, but developers risk penalties if caught without permit.	Water & Forests Department (regional forestry service)	N/A	~30 days for a clearing permit (forestry inspection and sign-off).	Permit fee ~100 FCFA per m³ of wood felled (nominal); plus reforestation bond in some cases.	Forest Code forbids exploiting unallocated classified forests and imposes penalties. Developers must avoid protected forest areas or secure logging permits; illegal logging carries higher fines. Affected project EIA must include any afforestation/reforestation plan.	Implementation of 2018 Forest Code is ongoing – new community forestry rules and stricter enforcement are expected. National reforestation programs may impose new obligations (e.g. offset planting for projects).
Senegal	Environmental	Others..	Code de l’Environnement (Loi n°2001‑01, art. L84‑L85) View source Prohibits noise (and odor) emissions “likely to harm health or excessively inconvenience neighbors” . Requires decrees to set permissible levels (e.g. Decret 2001‑282 fixes ~55 dB(A) day, 40 dB(A) night) and controls	Operations & Maintenance Phase	Partially – local authorities (mayors, police environnementale) nominally enforce. Enforcement is inconsistent, but law allows minister to order immediate cease of nuisances.	N/A	N/A	None beyond compliance	None beyond compliance.	Monitor and audit regularly (Env. Audit required periodically by decree). Non-compliance can lead to project suspension. Must keep up-to-date with regulations (2023 Code revisions).	New Environmental Code (2023) retains noise provisions. Watch: Implementation of noise decrees (pending) and local by-laws.
Senegal	Environmental	Solid waste & operational pollution	Code de l’Environnement 2023 View source All solid wastes (construction debris, packaging, etc.) must be stored, handled and disposed to approved sites. On-site burning or dumping is prohibited. Pollution (spills, run-off) must be prevented and immediate cleanup is required by polluter (polluter-pays principle).	Construction & Operation	Mandatory – enforced by environmental inspectors and municipal authorities. Enforcement is improving in urban areas, variable in rural areas (limited oversight).	Ministry of Environment (Waste Management Dept); municipal sanitation services	N/A	Incorporated in EIA timeline (waste plan approved as part of EIA within ~60 days review).	Disposal fees apply per volume at official landfills (e.g. ~2,500 FCFA/ton). Environmental fines or bonds may be set in EIA for waste management.	Required to prevent pollution per Code: e.g. discharging toxic substances to water/humus prohibited (Art.209: prison 6–24m + fine FCFA 5–10 M). Equipment rooms must store oils/chemicals in bunds. Maintain log of waste disposal (inspections by DEEC possible).	New regulations on plastics and waste sorting are being rolled out. A draft decree on construction waste management is in progress (to standardize site waste disposal).
Senegal	Social	Community consent	Code de l’Environnement 2023 View source Public consultation is required for projects’ ESIAs. Communities must be informed and their concerns documented. While FPIC (Free, Prior, Informed Consent) isn’t explicitly in law for energy projects, in practice, obtaining broad community support is expected, especially if land or resources are affected.	Feasibility/Design	Mandatory – enforced via EIA approval (no EIA clearance if consultation wasn’t done). Quality of consultation (addressing grievances) increasingly scrutinized. Outside EIA, ongoing community engagement is voluntary but strongly advised.	Ministry of Environment (through regional EIA public inquiry committees); local Commune leaders	N/A	Consultation must occur during EIA (~within first 30 days of study) with a 15-day notice period for public hearing.	Public consultation process cost (admin and logistics) borne by developer (often ~500,000 FCFA to organize meeting, advertising, etc.).	EIE is required for all mini-grid projects (no exemption by capacity). Promoter must prepare an EIE and submit it to the Environment Ministry; approval (authorisation) is granted only after technical review. A public hearing is integral to the EIE.	The new Environment Code explicitly guarantees public participation, giving communities a stronger voice. Draft legislation on local content may require formal community development agreements for energy projects in the future.
Senegal	Environmental	ESIA	Code de l’Environnement 2023 View source All mini-grid projects must undergo environmental screening. Projects above certain thresholds (e.g. >100 kW generation or >0.5 ha land take) are Category 1 requiring a full EIA and public hearing. Smaller projects may require a simplified environmental and social management plan. EIA report must cover both environmental and social impacts (per Article 33 of code).	Feasibility/Design (before final investment decision)	Mandatory – enforced as a pre-condition for other permits (no construction legally without EIA approval). Enforcement after approval focuses on compliance with EIA’s Environmental Management Plan; DEEC may conduct site audits.	Ministry of Environment (DEEC – EIA Unit)	N/A	~60–90 days (15 days for completeness check, ~45 days review and decision) if no major issues. Public consultation adds time (~30 days notice for hearing).	EIA review fee ~0.1% of project cost (e.g. 1 million FCFA on a 1 billion FCFA project). Cost of EIA study itself borne by developer (~5–20 million FCFA, depending on scope).	Must use DEEC/ANGE-accredited consultants (per Arreté). The EIA must include baseline, impact assessment, mitigation plans, emergency response plan, etc. (per Ministerial Decret No.2001-9469). Public consult (Art.24) is mandatory. After approval, attach certificate to permit application (Art.27). Certificate renews every 5 yrs.	New EIA guidelines integrating climate risk and community health are expected under the 2023 Code (to strengthen assessment of social aspects). A move toward digital EIA submission/monitoring is underway to improve transparency.
Senegal	Environmental	End of life management	Code de l’Environnement 2023 and Waste Management regulations View source Hazardous and solid wastes must be managed in an environmentally sound manner. Batteries (classified as hazardous waste) require proper collection and disposal via licensed facilities. Solar PV panels are subject to e-waste rules; no open dumping.	Operation & Decommissioning	Mandatory – enforced by waste laws. Enforcement improving (especially for hazardous waste) but still developing. Large projects are expected to budget for disposal; regulators may check compliance during EIA approval and site inspections.	Ministry of Environment (Waste Dept.); licensed waste contractors	N/A	N/A (throughout Operations, Decommissioning)	N/A (no permit fee; cost arises in contracting licensed recyclers). Example: battery recycling costs ~5,000 FCFA (≃$8) per unit via authorized firms (market rates).	Producers must collect/treat waste or deliver to authorized facilities (Art.77 Code Env). Import of hazardous waste is banned (Art.80). Developers must budget for safe disposal of batteries and panels as part of the EIA/permit dossier.	National e-waste program under development to handle solar equipment. 2023 Code emphasizes hazardous waste management – watch for new decrees on electronic waste disposal and producer responsibility schemes.
Senegal	Environmental	Environmental disaster management/business continuity plan (Rationale: minigrids are prone to physical climate risks such as extreme heat and given its fundamental infrastructure status in society, some countries may have policies on disaster management in response to unexpected events such as natural disasters. For example, it may require the infrastructure to be able to operate/perform at a given level of risk or incident frequency.)	Code de l’Environnement 2023; Civil Protection Code View source High-risk projects (e.g. hydro dams, fuel storage >fuel for backup generators) must prepare an Emergency Response Plan. Environment Code mandates “plans particuliers d’intervention” for environmental accidents. All operators should have a Business Continuity Plan for natural disasters (floods, storms) – not a legal requirement but encouraged by civil protection guidelines.	Design & Operation (plan in place before operation begins)	Mandatory for specific risks – enforced through EIA/permit conditions (project won’t be cleared without acceptable plan for handling accidents). General continuity plans are voluntary but increasingly expected in practice.	Ministry of Interior (Civil Protection Department) for emergency plan approvals; Ministry of Environment for environmental risk aspects.	N/A	Emergency plan approval typically in parallel with EIA (~additional 2–4 weeks for civil protection sign-off).	N/A (cost is internal to prepare plans; large facilities might incur consultancy costs). Some regulatory review fees may apply for safety reports (nominal).	Required by Env. Code: operations must not violate internal operation/emergency plans (Art.207–208). Absence of these plans incurs penalties (prison 1–2 yrs + FCFA 2–15 M). GMGs should have documented risk management (flood/dam failure plan for hydro).	National DRM (Disaster Risk Management) policy is evolving; expect more formal requirements for climate resilience in energy projects. Possibly a forthcoming decree to integrate climate adaptation measures in project planning.
Senegal	Environmental	Wildlife	Code de l’Environnement 2023; Law on Protected Areas (Law 86-04) View source Prohibits harm to endangered species and critical habitats. If site is near a Park or Reserve, additional constraints apply (no project in core zones; buffer zone activities need special consent). Any clearing or water use must not threaten wildlife corridors. EIA must assess ecological impact and propose mitigation.	Feasibility/Design	Mandatory – strictly enforced in protected areas (park authorities will enforce regulations). Elsewhere enforcement is moderate, relying on EIA commitments.	National Parks Directorate; Ministry of Environment	N/A	Additional 1–2 months if special studies or negotiations with wildlife authorities are needed.	N/A (no fee separate from EIA). If project leases land in a reserve buffer, concession fees may apply per hectare (per park’s regulations).	Must not harm listed species or habitats. Compliance with CITES (ratified) for any affected fauna/flora. If lines cross reserves, mandatory env. assessment and compensation.	Draft biodiversity law in progress to update species protection lists. Increased monitoring of projects near critical habitats with potential new requirement for biodiversity management plans.
Senegal	Environmental	Emission regulations	Code de l’Environnement – Loi n°2023-15 du 02/08/2023 View source Prohibits emissions (noise, air pollutants, dust) harmful to health or environment. Noise must not cause “excessive disturbance” – e.g. recommended <55–60 dB day / 40 dB night in residential areas. Dust and air pollution must be minimized by mitigation measures.	Feasibility/Design (before construction)	Mandatory – enforced by inspections and local authorities. In practice enforcement is moderate; often driven by complaints (e.g. police can halt noisy works).	Dept. of Environment (through DEEC)	N/A	~1–3 months (review & ministerial sign-off for permits)	Application fees & annual environmental taxes apply (surface area fees, equipment fees, etc.) – e.g. tens of thousands of FCFA (≃$50–$200) depending on project size.	Must comply with national pollution limits. CIAPOL monitors air/water quality. Any emission of pollutants (dust, gases) must not exceed standards; violations penalized (e.g. dumping pollutants into water: fine FCFA 5–10 M).	New 2023 Environment Code strengthens pollution controls (hazardous substances, EIA process). Implementing decrees pending – e.g. updated noise and air quality standards expected.
Senegal	Environmental	Land use changes	Code de l’Urbanisme et du Domaine National (Law No. 2008-43) (official gazette) View source Projects must comply with land zoning plans. Certain zones (residential, agricultural, forest) restrict industrial facilities. A mini-grid site requires conformity with local land use plan or a communal permit for change of land use. If >1 ha or outside designated zones, special authorization or déclaration d’utilité publique may be needed.	Feasibility/Design (land acquisition stage)	Mandatory – enforced by local authorities. Construction without permit can be stopped by officials. Zoning enforcement in rural areas is lax but improving as electrification projects expand.	Local Municipality (for building permit); Ministry of Land (for expropriation)	N/A	Building permit ~30 days; expropriation process 3–6+ months (surveys, decree, compensation).	Building permit fees (e.g. ~50,000 FCFA for rural projects). Expropriation costs = compensation to landowners (market value + 15% legal premium) paid by project or State.	Projects must avoid wetlands/coastal zones: wetlands are protected public resources (Art.144 Code Env). Any permanent infrastructure >200 m from dwellings and water intakes (ICPE setback rule). Change in land use requiring deforestation needs Forest Service approval.	Decentralization reforms ongoing – local governments gaining more say in land approvals. Watch for updated Land Code or zoning regulations in coming year aligning land use with renewable energy expansion plans.
Senegal	Social	Customer relations & consumer protection	Code de l’Électricité – Loi n°2021-14 du 10/02/2021 (new Electricity Code) View source Tariffs for mini-grid electricity must be approved by the regulator (no overcharging). Billing practices must be transparent: receipts, clear tariff structure. Consumers have the right to appeal disputes to CRSE. Disconnection requires proper notice. For rural mini-grids, lifeline tariffs may apply per policy.	Operation (prior to selling power)	Mandatory – enforced by CRSE. In practice, CRSE monitors licensed mini-grids; unlicensed operators are being formalized. Tariff enforcement is strict for formal operators (to protect consumers), though remote informal systems sometimes bypass until detected.	CRSE (Commission de Régulation du Secteur de l’Électricité)	N/A	Licensing process ~3–6 months (includes technical, financial review). Tariff approval part of this timeline.	License fee (one-time ~100,000 FCFA) and annual regulator levy (~1–2% of revenues). Tariff review itself at no direct cost to operator (but must provide cost data).	Hunting or capturing wild fauna requires government authorization (Forest/Chasse code). Total reserves prohibit hunting; outside reserves, wildlife must not be harmed without permit.	The 2021 Electricity Code removed size limits on mini-grids, enabling larger off-grids. CRSE is developing simplified tariff models for off-grid to streamline approvals. Also watch for a new Consumer Protection Act that may introduce general consumer rights applicable to utilities.
Senegal	Social	Occupational health & safety	Code du Travail (OHS Chapter); Décret 2006-1252 (Workplace Safety) View source Employers must ensure a safe workplace: provide PPE, training, first aid kits. Maximum noise exposure at work is 85 dB(A) over 8h. There are regulations on handling equipment, working at heights, etc. Any accident must be reported to the Labour Inspectorate. If >20 workers, a Health & Safety Committee is required.	Construction & Operation	Mandatory – enforcement via random inspections. In practice, labor inspectors do visit construction sites, though infrequently in remote areas. Compliance often driven by developer and financiers’ standards as much as by law.	Labour Inspectorate (Work Conditions Dept.); Caisse de Sécurité Sociale (for work injuries)	N/A	N/A (must be in place from day one of construction)	N/A (compliance cost only – e.g. PPE expenses, training). There are statutory worker insurance contributions (~1–3% of wages for injury coverage).	Urban/planning law (Art. 95) mandates that building permits consider nearby classified sites and can be refused or conditional if project may harm environment. Developers must coordinate with local authorities for land use.	A new OHS Act is being drafted to align with international standards (e.g. explicit duty for risk assessments, higher penalties). Also watch for compulsory private health insurance implementation for all formal employees (recent initiative).
Senegal	Social	Child labour	Code du Travail 1997; Law 2005-015 on Worst Forms of Child Labour View source Minimum age 15 for employment (18 for hazardous work). Absolutely no employment of children in construction or other hazardous activities. Apprenticeships allowed from 14 with strict conditions.	Construction & Operation	Mandatory – strictly enforced on paper. Inspections can be triggered by community or NGO reports. Senegal, under international pressure (e.g. ILO), actively discourages child labor especially in rural projects.	Labour Inspectorate; Ministry of Women/Family (child protection)	N/A	N/A (must comply at hiring stage and continuously)	N/A	A draft decree on WEEE (electronic waste) is pending. In practice, developers should plan for panel/battery recycling and comply with Environment Code waste-management principles.	Senegal has ratified new conventions on child labor; implementation of a 2023 National Action Plan against Child Labor is ongoing – enforcement likely to tighten.
Senegal	Social	Slavery	Code du Travail 1997; Penal Code (trafficking provisions) View source Forced labour is prohibited – any work under menace or involuntary conditions is illegal. All employment must be entered into freely. No retention of identity documents or coercive practices.	Construction & Operation	Mandatory – enforcement via labor inspections and criminal investigations if complaints. Generally well enforced; Senegal has an eye on human trafficking issues, especially with migrant workers.	Labour Inspectorate; Gendarmerie (for criminal enforcement)	N/A	N/A (continuous compliance)	N/A	Discharge of liquid or solid waste into soil or water without permit is prohibited. Producers must prevent pollution or face administrative fines. Pollution taxes apply per load (Art. L63).	New anti-trafficking initiatives and a review of labor migration rules may introduce stricter oversight of worker conditions on project sites.
Senegal	Social	Employment & labour relations	Code du Travail – Loi n°97-17 du 01/12/1997 (Labor Code) View source Standard workweek 40 hours (above incurs overtime pay). Minimum wage is set by sector (e.g. ~60,000 FCFA/month for general labor). Contracts must be in writing for >3 months engagement. Local hiring is encouraged but not mandated.	Construction & Operation (workforce management)	Mandatory – labor laws apply to all employers, with inspectors conducting occasional site visits. Enforcement is moderate; inspectors prioritize larger companies and reported violations.	Labour Inspectorate; Social Security Fund	N/A	N/A (ongoing compliance throughout construction/operation).	N/A (no hiring permit; however, registration costs are minimal administrative fees). Employers contribute ~4–8% of wages to social security & insurance.	Pollution of air by smoke, gas, dust or noise beyond regulatory norms is forbidden. The Minister can suspend operations if emission norms (set by decree) are exceeded.	A new Labour Code is under discussion to update 1997 law (align with 2019 ECOWAS standards on working conditions). Wage scales are periodically adjusted – watch for new minimum wage decrees.
Senegal	Social	Others..	Constitution de 2001 (Art. 5 & 7) View source Guarantees equality: “All human beings are equal…racial, ethnic, religious or other discrimination is punishable by law” constitutions.unwomen.org . Also upholds equal rights for women and men (Art.7). No explicit mention of sexual orientation.	N/A	Formal – violation of constitutional rights can be challenged, but courts rarely hear such cases.	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Developers should verify legal origin of construction materials. No local-content requirement found. General rule: no illegal timber (see forestry code) or conflict minerals, and adhere to duty-of-care.	Watch: Proposals to explicitly ban discrimination (some drafts have failed to protect LGBTQ+ persons).
Senegal	Social	Agent safety and security (Rationale: this may fall under occupational H&S but given the sunking incidents, we thought it would be good to make it more explicit.)	Labor Code & general security laws (no specific statute) View source Employers should ensure the safety of staff traveling or stationed in remote areas. No special law, but general duty: provide secure transport, communications, and avoid sending staff alone at night. If areas have security concerns (banditry), coordination with local police or gendarmerie is advised.	Operation & Maintenance	Voluntary – no direct enforcement unless negligence leads to incident (then civil or criminal liability could come into play). Companies are expected to take precautions but there is no permit to enforce it proactively.	N/A (no permitting body; company’s responsibility)	N/A	N/A (continuous during operations)	N/A (costs are internal: e.g. hiring security guards ~100,000 FCFA/month each, or equipping staff with phones/GPS).	Environment Code empowers Ministry to develop risk-prevention plans (Art. L55). In practice, developers should include spill/emergency plans in the EIE documentation (implicit).	Growing awareness of rural security – the government sometimes issues travel advisories for certain zones. No specific legal update, but developers are sharing best practices via industry groups. Potential insurance requirements may compel formal security risk assessments.
Senegal	Social	Community land use	Loi 76-67 du 02/07/1976 (Expropriation law); Land Tenure Law (Loi 2018-04 on National Domain) View source Land acquisition must respect owners’ rights. Involuntary resettlement triggers expropriation for public utility procedures: fair compensation before displacement. Small-scale voluntary land deals should be documented (lease or purchase agreement) and verified by local authorities. Customary land use by communities requires consultation and compensation even if no formal title.	Feasibility (site selection & land acquisition)	Mandatory – enforced by legal requirement for land title. In practice, projects often avoid formal expropriation due to length – prefer negotiated settlements. However, any unresolved dispute can stall the project; local authorities will intervene if complaints.	Ministry of Land Affairs; Prefecture (for local enquiry)	N/A	Expropriation: ~6–12 months (includes investigation, decree, payment). Voluntary purchase: ~3 months for title transfer if clear ownership.	Expropriation process costs borne by project: compensation at market value + 15% (legal solatium); plus survey and legal fees. Voluntary purchase: price negotiation variable.	Felling trees in state forests is regulated: a logging permit (“permis de coupe”) is required for any tree removal in forests. Cutting protected species is penalized (forest code).	A new Land Act is anticipated to streamline community land titling – could simplify securing rural sites. Also, ongoing efforts to define a framework for compensating for economic losses (crops, grazing) more consistently.
Senegal	Environmental	Material sourcing (Rationale: much of the emissions for minigrids come from the supply chain such as material sourcing and transportation so it would be good to include them for assessment.)	Mining Code (Loi n°2016-32) – quarry permits; Environmental Code View source Construction materials must come from licensed sources. Extraction of sand, gravel, laterite requires a quarry permit if done directly. Use of river water for small hydro requires water permit. Import of equipment must comply with standards (but no specific environmental threshold aside from ensuring no hazardous materials).	Construction (materials stage); Design (water usage)	Mandatory – enforced by periodic inspections. Unauthorized sand mining is actively policed in Senegal (to curb coastal erosion). Using unlicensed suppliers can implicate the developer if environmental damage occurs.	Ministry of Mines (for quarry); Ministry of Water Resources (for water use)	N/A	Quarry permit ~1–2 months (includes environmental check for the site). Water use permit ~1 month.	Small quarry permit fee ~50,000 FCFA; plus a fee per m³ extracted (royalty ~500 FCFA/m³). Water permit fee is minor administrative (~10,000 FCFA).	Projects should use locally permitted equipment. Environmental law allows tariff exemption for approved anti-pollution equipment (Art.16–17). All imported PV/battery products must meet national import rules (SERMI certificates, etc.).	Ongoing reforms to formalize artisanal mining – watch for stricter enforcement against illegal quarries, and new digital registry of licensed suppliers. Also, water law updates may introduce volumetric fees for small users.

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