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Country	Pillar	Factor	Framework title	Project cycle	Enforcement practice	Approval body	Approval requirements	Approval timeline	Approval cost	Key provisions	Watch developments
Mozambique	Social	Community consent	Decree 54/2015 (EIA Regulation); Ministerial Order 118/2022 (Independent Specialist Reviewers); EIA Regulation requires public participation View source Public participation is mandatory in EIA: “publico ou privado que possam influir directa ou indirectamente no ambiente” must include public consultation. Also, for Category A and A+ projects, more stringent review including external reviewers. Ministerial Order 118/2022 applies to Category A+. mozambique.wcs.org+1	ESIA / Permitting	Partly. Public consultation is built into legal process and used especially for large projects; smaller ones sometimes reduce or skip consultation in practice.	Submit EIA public consultation plan and record to MTA; engage local authorities & local communities; use public notices, meetings.	N/A	Public consultation steps in EIA may stretch EIA schedule; possibly several weeks.	Unavailable on public domain	Ensure inclusive and transparent process; record all consultation; plan schedule to accommodate local input; manage expectations; address objections.	Possible FPIC guidelines emerging; donor standards may require more rigorous consent.
Mozambique	Environmental	ESIA	Decree No.54/2015 approving the Regulation on the Process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Ministerial Order No.118/2022 for Independent Specialist Reviewers; Environment Law No.20/1997 View source EIA Regulation classifies activities into categories; all public/private activities likely to directly or indirectly affect environment require EIA or simplified study. “All public or private activities that may directly or indirectly influence the environment.” Screening, ToR, full EIA, public participation, EMP required. Leap	Feasibility / ESIA / Permitting	Partly. Regulation 54/2015 is applied, especially for large and donor funded projects; small community-scale may skip or do simplified studies; enforcement variable.	Apply to MTA / Provincial Directorate of Environment; submit EIA or Simplified Environmental Study; ToR approved; public participation; final EIA report to authority.	N/A	Timelines: Screening / ToR phases few weeks; full EIS preparation months; review by authority may take several months; total often 3-9 months depending on project size & category.	Unavailable on public domain	Determine whether GMG is Category A / A+ or B; budget for public engagement; use registered consultants; ensure independent reviewer if required for A+ projects.	The Directive for Independent Specialist Reviewers (118/2022); possible updates to categories / thresholds; digitisation of EIA submissions.
Mozambique	Environmental	Emission regulations	Decreto No. 18/2004, Regulating Environmental Quality and Emissions of Effluents, with amendments by Decree No. 67/2010 View source Defines ambient air quality, emission standards, water quality standards, noise emission thresholds. E.g., from Decree 18/2004: “The annexed Regulation … defines air quality standards and emission requirements … water classification … classes of noise emissions.” Leap	Feasibility / Permitting / Construction / O&M	Partly. The legal framework exists and is being used for large industrial / mining projects, but enforcement is weaker for remote/rural small scale / informal operations. Local capacity and monitoring are limited.	Apply to MTA / Provincial Directorates of the Environment / Water as relevant; provincial offices of MTA for emission approval / effluents discharge.	N/A	N/A	Unavailable on public domain	Include emissions/effluents in EIA and licensing; noise modelling if near sensitive receptors; ensure generator exhaust meets local emission standards; include battery room ventilation and spill containment.	Implementation of recent water / effluent discharge regulation (2023); possible updates of emission limits; possibly new noise regulation / orders; increased attention by donors and IFC/WB standards.
Mozambique	Social	Customer relations & consumer protection	Electricity Law / sector regulation; possibly specific regulation for mini-grids (though less visible in sources consulted) View source Expect obligations for licensing, service quality, tariffs, grievance redress. But specific provisions for mini-grids not located in reviewed sources.	Permitting / Construction / O&M	No (or data insufficient). Many small operators may not formally license mini-grids; enforcement may be weak for remote areas.	Apply via INAE licensing; submit technical and financial proposals; service contract templates; tariff approval.	N/A	Likely months for licensing and tariff approval; in practice may depend heavily on region and capacity.	Unavailable on public domain	Developers should prepare standard customer contracts; ensure metering, billing and dispute resolution; review INAE regulations; consider pre-paid or pay-as-you-go where common.	Possible regulation of off-grid and mini-grid licensing under electrification policies; increasing donor interest; possible public-private partnership frameworks.
Mozambique	Environmental	Solid waste & operational pollution	Environment Law No. 20/1997 (Lei do Ambiente), plus Decree 18/2004, plus provincial municipal waste ordinances View source Obligation to avoid pollution; regulate emissions, effluents, waste discharges; Decree 18/2004: includes water, soil, noise, emission control; workshop spills fall under effluent & soil pollution scopes.	Construction / Operation / O&M	Partly. While law allows regulation, many smaller operations do not fully comply due to lack of awareness or enforcement; municipal solid waste infrastructure varies.	Apply via environmental licensing under MTA; municipal permits for handling solid waste; workshops may require local council / municipal environment permit.	N/A	Weeks to a few months (depending on municipality), especially where inspections required.	Unavailable on public domain	Ensure bunding, storage of oils/chemicals; other pollutants (battery acid etc.) managed; use licensed handlers; include solid waste plan in EIA/vendor contracts.	Better municipal environmental ordinances; integration of waste in EIA & law; rising donor funding for hazardous waste infrastructure.
Mozambique	Environmental	Deforestation	Forests and Wildlife Law No. 10/99; plus Regulation on Forestry and Wildlife (Decree No. 12/2002) View source Activities that involve use, exploitation, or transformation of forest and wildlife resources must comply. To harvest trees, one must obtain permit/licence. Decree 12/2002: regulates use, exploitation, transport, commercialization, including classify protected species and licensing procedures.	Permitting / Construction (for pole lines, site clearance)	Partly. There are forest permits; enforcement is mixed; illegal logging and unauthorized tree cutting still occur; forestry services under-resourced.	Apply to DINAF / Provincial Forestry Directorate; submit forestry permit / harvesting licence application.	N/A	Timeline: permit decisions often several weeks to few months depending on volume/species and remoteness.	Unavailable on public domain	If project sites require tree removal, get permits early; species protection matters; avoid protected species; account for replanting where required.	Possible strengthening of forestry export controls; changes to the licensing regime; efforts to integrate communities in forest management.
Mozambique	Social	Employment & labour relations	Labour Law No. 13/2023 (Lei do Trabalho, Law on Labour) View source Law 13/2023 defines employment contracts; rights of workers; minimum age; leave (maternity / paternity); fixed term contracts; non-discrimination; social protections. E.g., “The minimum age for admission to work is 18 years old. Exceptionally … age 15 … with authorization … The employer must not employ minors in dangerous tasks …” (Article on minors) Leap	Construction / O&M	Partly. New law just came into force (Feb 2024); many employers may still be implementing changes; enforcement bodies scaling up. Club of Mozambique+1	Apply via Labour Inspectorate; register contracts; register workers with social security; submit declarations; also via employers submitting to INSS for social security.	N/A	After law effective: some provisions immediate; certain changes require adjustments; employer must align contracts; enforcement via inspections. Typical compliance period months.	Unavailable on public domain	Ensure all labour contracts in writing; age verification; register employees; observe working hours and limits; leave entitlements.	Developments: Monitoring of implementation of new law; regulations or orders to define dangerous work for minors; further guidance on fixed term vs permanent contracts.
Mozambique	Social	Child labour	Labour Law No.13/2023; Mozambique ratified relevant ILO conventions (e.g. C138, C182) View source As above, minimum age is 18; exception age 15 with legal representative’s authorization; minors cannot be engaged in dangerous tasks. Forced labour is prohibited under national law and international ratifications.	Feasibility / O&M / Construction	Partly. Laws are strong; however remote enforcement is weaker; informal labour is common in rural contexts.	Apply via employment contract regulation; inspections by labour inspectorate; mechanisms for complaints.	N/A	As with employment contracts; inspection frequency uncertain.	Unavailable on public domain	Avoid employing under-age; ensure entire supply chain / subcontractors comply; safe tasks; proper documentation.	Implementing regulations on what tasks are “dangerous”; ILO/UNICEF programmes may bring more inspections.
Mozambique	Social	Community land use	Land Law (Law of Lands No.19/1997), customary land tenure recognized; Environment Law & EIA Regulation require consultation; possibly local customary authority norms View source Land Law recognizes customary land rights; expropriation for public interest must include compensation; EIA regulation mandates public participation. Also environment law obliges consultation in EIA processes: screening, public participation.	Conception / Feasibility / Permitting	Partly. Customary rights recognized legally but implementation uneven; in many rural areas informal claims; some projects have land conflicts.	Apply via ANAT & district land offices; negotiations with customary landholders; EIA submission must include stakeholder engagement.	N/A	Often several weeks to months; rural customary tenure may lead to longer timelines due to negotiations.	Unavailable on public domain	Early community engagement; map customary claims; clear MoUs; keep documentation; avoid land conflicts.	Improved mapping of customary lands; possible reforms to Land Law / ANAT digitization; donor driven standards (FPIC) may influence practice.
Mozambique	Environmental	Environmental disaster management/business continuity plan (Rationale: minigrids are prone to physical climate risks such as extreme heat and given its fundamental infrastructure status in society, some countries may have policies on disaster management in response to unexpected events such as natural disasters. For example, it may require the infrastructure to be able to operate/perform at a given level of risk or incident frequency.)	Law No.10/2020 on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management; Decree No.76/2020 Regulations; Master Plan for DRR 2017–2030 View source Art. 3 defines prevention, mitigation, preparedness, recovery. Art. 16 requires contingency plans at sector level.	Feasibility, Design, O&M	Partly — framework strong but weak enforcement capacity	INGC HQ and provincial offices	N/A	No SLA published	Unavailable on public domain	GMGs should integrate cyclone/flood resilience; continuity planning	Ongoing DRR reforms post-Cyclones Idai & Kenneth
Mozambique	Environmental	Wildlife	Law on Conservation Areas and Wildlife (Law No. 5/99) and Regulation / Decree for protected areas / wildlife; Decree 12/2002 also touches on wildlife; national parks regulation; also Ministerial Orders defining protected / special protected areas View source Projects in or near protected areas require licences/permits; certain activities prohibited; biodiversity assessment as part of EIA; mapping of protected areas; impact mitigation; historic conservation for fauna/flora.	Feasibility / ESIA / Permitting	Partly. Laws exist and are applied for major projects; small scale projects sometimes overlooked; enforcement depends on awareness and presence of authority.	Apply to ANAC or MTA, depending if within conservation area; EIA submission to MTA includes biodiversity component; for specialized wildlife permit via wildlife directorate.	N/A	Several weeks to months; near protected area or sensitive habitat can delay significantly.	Unavailable on public domain	Avoid siting in or right next to protected areas; use maps, GIS; contract biodiversity experts; ensure wildlife/wetland protection.	Updated protected area maps; stricter penalties under draft conservation bills; donor pressure for biodiversity offsets.
Mozambique	Environmental	Land use changes	Mozambique Land Law (Lei de Terras), Law No. 19/1997; plus associated regulations / decrees for authorisation of land use; expropriation law (Law on Eminent Domain / expropriation) View source Land Law establishes rights to land, customary and formal land tenure; expropriation for public interest is allowed, with compensation. “No person may be dispossessed of land except for public interest and with compensation.” (e.g. in Land Law). Projects need land use authorisation or lease.	Conception / Feasibility / Permitting	Partly. Formal land law and authorities exist and expropriation and land rights are enforced, but in rural/customary contexts there is overlapping informal tenure and delays/uncertainty.	Apply to ANAT / local district / municipal land offices; negotiate customary holders if applicable.	N/A	Timelines: often months; depending on district & project scale; obtaining land rights in rural areas can take longer.	N/A	Identify land holders early; deal with customary claims; budget for compensation; use clear maps; ensure land use fits authorised zoning.	Reforms underway (ANAT modernisation), mapping of customary land; digitisation.
Mozambique	Social	Occupational health & safety	No single dedicated OHS Act located in reviewed sources; OHS aspects embedded in Labour Law 13/2023 and Environment Law / EIA regulation requiring health & safety considerations; possibly sector specific regulation View source Labour Law provides for safe work; prohibits dangerous tasks for minors; includes obligations for employers to ensure work conditions; EIA requires environmental & social impacts including health & safety in site design; may require safety plans.	Construction / Operation	Partly. Legal requirements exist; enforcement of safety is variable especially in rural / informal sectors; labour inspections are not always frequent.	Apply via getting labour inspection clearance; ensure compliance during construction; possibly local permits / building permits if structures involved.	N/A	Before operations begin; inspections may occur before/during construction.	Unavailable on public domain	Build safety into design; ensure battery installation meets fire and electrical safety; get local contractor familiar with safety norms.	May see dedicated OHS regulation or implementing regulations under Labour Law specific to hazardous works.
Mozambique	Environmental	End of life management	No specific, consolidated regulation; Mozambique has general environment law (Law 20/1997, Environment Law) and pollution / waste regulations; plus Decree 52/2023 on water discharge, but no clear national e-waste law located in sources found. View source General duty to control pollution, manage hazardous substances; no specific batteries/PV module end-of-life thresholds found in sources uncovered. The EIA regulation (Decree 54/2015) requires projects to consider “wastes” among environmental impacts. Leap+1	Permitting / Operation / Decommissioning	No. There is limited regulation specific to e-waste or batteries; many small operators use informal channels; enforcement weak.	Apply to MTA / Provincial Directorate; possibly waste authority / Municipal waste departments.	N/A	Likely similar timelines to environmental licensing / emission permits; maybe additional weeks for contracting disposal.	Unavailable on public domain	For GMGs, plan ahead for battery replacement & disposal contracts; verify local authorised waste handlers; include safe storage & spill mitigation.	Possible introduction of e-waste-specific regulation; donor projects pushing for more rigorous battery end-of-life plans.
Mozambique	Environmental	Material sourcing (Rationale: much of the emissions for minigrids come from the supply chain such as material sourcing and transportation so it would be good to include them for assessment.)	Public Procurement Law (Law No.15/2016); Environmental Law (Law No.20/1997); INNOQ Standards View source Environmental Law Art. 4: sustainable use of resources. Imports must comply with INNOQ standards.	Procurement, Import	No — enforcement weak for private imports	INNOQ / Ministry of Industry & Commerce / Customs	N/A	No SLA published	Unavailable on public domain	Ensure PV/batteries meet INNOQ standards; plan for responsible end-of-life	Draft Renewable Energy Strategy may add supply chain obligations
Mozambique	Environmental	Others..	N/A N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mozambique	Social	Slavery	N/A N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mozambique	Social	Agent safety and security (Rationale: this may fall under occupational H&S but given the sunking incidents, we thought it would be good to make it more explicit.)	N/A N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mozambique	Social	Others..	N/A N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

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