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Country	Pillar	Factor	Framework title	Project cycle	Enforcement practice	Approval body	Approval requirements	Approval timeline	Approval cost	Key provisions	Watch developments
Mali	Environmental	ESIA	Arrêté Interministériel N°10-1509 (Fee Decree) View source This order sets the specific amount, payment methods, and management of the procedural fees required to conduct an ESIA.	Feasibility & Planning.	It is enforced.	N/A	N/A	Payment must be made before the procedure can begin.	A percentage of the total tangible investment cost of the project.	The developer initiates the process, receives a payment order from DNACPN, pays the fee to the State Treasury, and submits the receipt to DNACPN.	N/A
Mali	Environmental	ESIA	Arrêté Interministériel N°2013-0256 (Public Consultation Decree) View source This order sets the official modalities for conducting the public consultation required for Category A and B projects as part of the ESIA process.	Feasibility & Planning.	It is enforced, but with practical deviations from the text.	N/A	N/A	The consultation must be completed at scoping phase.	Included in the overall ESIA procedural fees and consultant costs.	The developer must facilitate the process. In practice, DNACPN coordinates the main public meeting during its site visit mission. The meeting is officially chaired by the local authority.	N/A
Mali	Social	Community land use	Arrêté No 2014-1979/MDR-SG du 23 juillet 2014 View source This order establishes the official, national tariffs for compensating for the loss of crops, plants, and trees.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	The official tariffs serve as a legal baseline, but in practice, they are almost always superseded by negotiated market rates.	N/A	N/A	N/A	The compensation amounts are listed in the text.	This decree provides a detailed, official price list for various crops and trees to be used in compensation calculations.	Pressure from communities and development partners to formally update these tariffs.
Mali	Social	Community land use	Arrêté No 2014-1979/MDR-SG du 23 juillet 2014 View source This order establishes the official, national tariffs for compensating for the loss of crops, plants, and trees.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	The official tariffs serve as a legal baseline, but in practice, they are almost always superseded by negotiated market rates.	N/A	N/A	N/A	The compensation amounts are listed in the text.	This decree provides a detailed, official price list for various crops and trees to be used in compensation calculations as part of the expropriation process.	Pressure from communities and development partners to formally update these tariffs to reflect current market values.
Mali	Social	Employment & labour relations	Arrêté N°96-1566/MFPT-SG du 10 mai 1996 (Application Order for the Labour Code) View source This order provides the specific, practical rules for hiring temporary, daily, or seasonal workers, which are not covered by standard permanent contracts.	Construction & Commissioning Phase	It is enforced. The Labour Inspectorate checks if temporary contracts are being improperly used to fill permanent roles.	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Allows the developer to hire workers for specific, non-permanent tasks using fixed-term contracts. Strictly forbids using such contracts for permanent positions.	N/A
Mali	Environmental	N/A	Décret N° 01 – 397 / P-RM du 06 septembre 2001 (Gestion des polluants de l'atmosphère) View source This decree establishes the requirement for prior authorization for any facility likely to cause air pollution and prohibits emissions exceeding set limits. It lists key pollutants of concern (SO2, particulates, etc.) but delegates the setting of specific limit values to a separate ministerial order (arrêté).	Entire Project Cycle	It is enforced.	Ministère de l'Environnement (for the authorization to operate a facility that may cause air pollution).	N/A	N/A	Cost for the authorization permit is not specified.	This decree provides the legal basis for regulating specific air pollution sources. For a GMG, this is most relevant for:; 1. Construction: Controlling dust emissions.; 2. Operation: Getting an authorization for, and managing emissions from, any backup diesel generators.	A key development would be a new decree on air pollution aligned with the 2021 law, or the issuance of a ministerial order setting specific national emission limit values.
Mali	Environmental	Environmental disaster management/business continuity plan	Décret N°2015-0889/P-RM du 31 Décembre 2015 (ORSEC Plan) View source This is the national framework for organizing emergency response (ORSEC Plan). It provides for the creation of specific intervention plans (plans particuliers d'intervention) for establishments that present particular risks and requires the mobilization of both public and private resources during a crisis.	Entire project lifecycle.	It is enforced through the ESIA requirement.	Ministry of Environment (approves the ESIA which contains the emergency plan). Direction Générale de la Protection Civile is part of the technical comitee that validate the ESIA and can amend it.	N/A	The plan must be developed and approved as part of the ESIA before construction can begin.	Costs are internalized within the ESIA process (for developing the plan) and the project's operational budget (for safety equipment, training, and drills).	Planning (ESIA): The developer must create an Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan. This plan should address risks relevant to GMGs.; Climate Risks: Storms, flooding, extreme heat impacting panels and batteries. Technological Risks: Battery storage fires, electrical faults, chemical spills.; Operation: The developer has a legal obligation to cooperate with and make resources available to state authorities (Civil Protection) when the national ORSEC plan is activated.	Increased focus on climate resilience may lead to more specific regulations requiring critical infrastructure like mini-grids to meet certain operational standards during emergencies.
Mali	Environmental	ESIA	Décret N°2018-0991/P-RM du 31 Décembre 2018 (ESIA Decree) View source Defines the core environmental permitting process, including project categorization (A, B, C) and the two paths: a full ESIA or a simpler Environmental and Social Notice (NIES).	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	It is enforced, but with significant practical deviations from the written procedure.	Minister of Environment for ESIA (Category A/B). National/Regional Director of DNACPN for NIES (Category C).	N/A	There are no official deadlines. 15 days after submission, the Terms of Reference (ToR) are considered accepted if no response is received. 45 days after submission of the final Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report, if no response is given, the report is considered accepted. Practical Reality: Not respected. Developers must plan for significant delays and proactively follow up.	For NIES, a "approbation fee" is requested and paid to the administration. ESIA fees are detailed in a separate order.	DNACPN sometimes uses discretionary power to re-categorize projects case-by-case. The simpler NIES process does not require public consultation and results in a letter of approval.	The push for a formal accreditation system for ESIA consultants continues.
Mali	Environmental	Environmental Compliance Audit	Décret N°2018-0993/P-RM fixant les conditions d'exécution de l'audit environnemental View source This decree mandates periodic environmental audits to verify a project's compliance with its legal and regulatory obligations. The audit is a comprehensive, systematic evaluation of the project's environmental performance.	Operations & Maintenance Phase	It is enforced. This is the primary state mechanism for supervising active projects.	DNACPN reviews and approves the audit report, issuing a clearance certificate (quitus) if the project is found to be in compliance.	N/A	A mandatory audit must be conducted every five years during operations, and a final audit is required before the end of the project (decommissioning).	The developer bears the full cost of hiring the accredited external auditor to conduct the audit.	The audit is a comprehensive inspection that verifies: 1. Possession of all required permits: This includes the Environmental Permit, land clearing permit, waste management authorization, construction permits, etc. Implementation of the ESMP: It checks if the mitigation measures promised in the ESIA are being actively and effectively implemented. Compliance with National Law: It verifies adherence to all relevant environmental regulations (on waste, emissions, etc.).	The push by the Malian Association for Environmental Assessment for a more formal and rigorous accreditation system for the auditors themselves will directly impact the stringency and quality of these audits.
Mali	Social	Community land use	Décret N°2020-0412/PT-RM (Public Domain Management) View source This decree specifies that land in the public domain (State or Local Govt) can only be occupied on a temporary basis.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	It is enforced, especially through the ESIA/RAP process where failure to account for these impacts would be a major flaw.	The relevant state or local government authority.	N/A	N/A	N/A	The primary relevance for a GMG developer is not to acquire this land for core infrastructure, but to manage impacts on existing occupants. If the project footprint (e.g., plant site, access road, distribution line) affects people who are occupying this land, even if they are there illegally or on a temporary basis, he developer is required to provide appropriate compensation or assistance for lost assets and livelihoods. This process must be managed through the ESIA and a Resettlement/Livelihood Restoration Plan.	N/A
Mali	Social	Community land use	Décret N°2025-0028/PT-RM (Land Price Setting) View source This decree sets the official prices and fees for the sale and lease of land from the State's private domain for various uses, including industrial and commercial.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	The official prices are enforced for state land transactions.	N/A	N/A	N/A	Official prices are set per m², for example ranging from ~2,000 FCFA in rural areas to 16,000 FCFA for commercial use in Bamako.	This decree provides the official basis for the cost of acquiring state land. A GMG would likely fall under the "industrial" or "commercial" use category.	N/A
Mali	Environmental	Solid waste & operational pollution	Décret n° 01 – 394 / PRM du 06 septembre 2001 (Gestion des déchets solides) View source Details the operational modalities for solid waste management. It covers prevention, recycling, disposal, and site remediation. It establishes a 'producer pays' principle for waste elimination and analysis costs	Operations & Maintenance Phase	It is enforced.	Authorization for any solid waste management system is granted by the Ministre de l'environnement	N/A	Authorization, whether held directly or through an authorized sub-contractor, must be in place before the commencement of project activities.	The cost of elimination and any necessary analysis or expertise is borne by the producer/violator (Art. 5, 6).	Planning: Waste management strategies must be integrated into the ESIA and its associated Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).; Construction/Operation/Decommissioning: The developer is responsible for all solid waste produced. Hazardous wastes (e.g., batteries) must be handled according to specific rules (Chap. 5). Compliance is verified via periodic environmental audits.	Given that this decree was passed under the 2001 framework law, a key development to watch for is a new decree on waste management that aligns with the updated 2021 Law on Pollution and Nuisances.
Mali	Social	Community land use	Law 2021-056 of 07 October 2021 (Land and State Property Code) View source This is the overarching framework law. It defines the different types of property (national domain, public/private state domain, local government domain), organizes the procedures for land titling (titres fonciers), and legally recognizes customary land rights.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	It is enforced.	Ministry of State Property and Land Affairs.	N/A	N/A	Varies depending on the transaction; specific costs are set by subsequent decrees.	A GMG developer must secure formal, long-term land rights for the plant site and distribution corridors through the procedures established in this code. It is the legal basis for all land transactions.	This law is recent and part of a broader land reform effort. Developers should monitor for new application decrees.
Mali	Environmental	Deforestation	Law No. 10-028 of 12 July 2010 (Forestry Law), as amended by Ordinance No. 2025-017 of 01 April 2025; implemented by Decree No. 10-387. View source Prohibits any land clearing without prior authorization. The specific procedure depends on the land's classification (State domain vs. Local Government domain). It mandates compensatory reforestation for all cleared areas.	Entire Project Cycle	It is enforced, with increased vigilance following the 2025 Ordinance.	The permitting body depends on land tenure: 1. State Forest Land: Procedure is fixed by a Decree from the Council of Ministers. 2. Local Government Land: Procedure is fixed by an Order from the head of the local council, approved by the supervising authority.	N/A	Permit: The Land Clearing Permit must be obtained prior to any clearing activity. Reforestation: The specific timeline for implementing the compensatory reforestation is defined by the developer within the ESMP during the ESIA process.	The developer bears all costs, including: 1. ESIA & Consultant Fees. 2. Land Clearing Fee. 3. Compensatory Reforestation Costs: These must be explicitly budgeted for within the project's Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).	Developers must conduct due diligence to avoid "no-go zones" (classified forests, protected perimeters, etc.). A project in a classified forest is blocked unless a complex "compensatory declassification" is achieved. A flora survey for protected species is essential. Permitting: The sequence is critical: a) Complete ESIA, b) Obtain Environmental Permit from Ministry of Environment, c) Apply for and obtain Land Clearing Permit from Forestry Service. Construction: No land clearing before all permits are secured. Compensatory reforestation must be executed as planned.	The aggressive enforcement stance of the 2025 Ordinance is the key development. Developers should expect stricter scrutiny of permit applications and field activities.
Mali	Social	Customer relations & consumer protection	Law No. 2015-036 of 16 July 2015 on Consumer Protection View source This law establishes the fundamental rights of consumers, including: the right to clear and transparent information (on prices, terms); the right to safety of products/services; and the right to fair treatment and legal recourse in case of disputes.	Operations & Maintenance Phase	The general law is enforced, but sector-specific consumer protection standards, especially for projects involving AMADER or international funders, are more proactively monitored.	N/A (Compliance-based framework). However, tariff structures and service standards are often overseen by AMADER or the energy regulator (CREE).	N/A	N/A	N/A	Developers must provide clear contracts and transparent tariff information. Key obligations include:; 1. Tariff Transparency: Clearly communicating pricing and payment options (e.g., pre-paid, post-paid).; 2. Quality of Service: Ensuring a reliable and safe electricity supply.; 3. Customer Service: Establishing an accessible and effective customer service and complaint handling mechanism.; 4. Vulnerable Consumers: Potentially implementing social tariffs or measures for vulnerable households, often a requirement in donor-funded projects.	The increasing adoption of international consumer protection principles for off-grid energy as a standard requirement in financing agreements and national rural electrification strategies.
Mali	Environmental	Wildlife	Law No. 2018-036 of 27 June 2018 on the Management of Wildlife and its Habitat. View source Prohibits habitat destruction without authorization.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	It is enforced.	The Ministry of Environment grants the Environmental Permit, which is contingent on an ESIA that adequately addresses wildlife impacts.	N/A	Bound by the timelines of the ESIA decree.	Costs are internalized within the ESIA process, including specialized ecological surveys for the solar plant footprint and distribution lines, and budgeting for mitigation measures (e.g., wildlife-friendly fencing, bird diverters).	Feasibility/Site Selection: A professional survey is essential to assess the impacts of the solar array footprint, access roads, and distribution line routes on local fauna, breeding grounds, and migration corridors. ESIA/Planning: The ESIA must propose specific GMG-related mitigation measures, such as adjusting the plant layout to avoid sensitive zones, using bird diverters on power lines, or designing wildlife-friendly fencing.	Monitor for updates to the list of protected species and the creation of new protected areas or wildlife corridors that could intersect with planned distribution lines.
Mali	Environmental	Emission regulations	Law No. 2021-032 of May 2021 on Pollution and Nuisances View source It is prohibited to operate any industrial, mining, or artisanal unit that emits polluting substances into the air—such as smoke, dust, gas, or liquid—without complying with emission standards (Article 39). Since national thresholds are not defined, the default standards applied are those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC)	Entire Project Cycle	It is enforced.	Ministère en charge de l'Environnement.	N/A	N/A	NA	Feasibility/Planning: An ESIA must be approved before any project work begins (Art. 5). Construction/Operation: Developers must strictly adhere to national (or WHO/IFC) standards for:; Noise: Noise from inverters and construction activities must not exceed regulated limits.; Air Emissions: Relevant for dust during construction and any emissions from backup generators.; Liquid Effluents: Wastewater from activities like panel cleaning or sanitary facilities must meet discharge norms.; Waste: Proper management of operational and hazardous waste is mandatory.; Compliance with these emission standards is verified through mandatory periodic Environmental Compliance Audits for category A projects in the ESIA appendix (every 5 years).	In relation to Article 8, which requires accredited experts, the Malian Association for Environmental Assessment is pushing for a more formal accreditation system. This is critical for developers needing qualified experts to certify compliance with the technical normes established in this law.
Mali	Environmental	End of life management	Law No. 2021-032 on Pollution and Nuisances (implemented through the ESIA and Environmental Audit decrees). View source Establishes a comprehensive framework by defining waste and obsolete products, and imposing strict management obligations for different waste categories (industrial, special, hazardous). It is founded on the 'polluter-pays' principle.	Entire Project Cycle	It is enforced.	Ministère en charge de l'Environnement (Ministry of Environment), for authorizations related to hazardous waste management, incineration, and final project closure (via environmental audit clearance).	N/A	Audit clearance ('quitus') is required at the end of the project. Specific timelines for waste permits are not defined in the law.	All costs for disposal, remediation, and management are borne by the producer/holder of the waste, in line with the 'polluter-pays' principle.	Planning: Must include a detailed decommissioning and waste management plan in the ESIA/ESMP. This plan must address the end-of-life management of solar panels, inverters, and batteries, which are classified as special/hazardous waste.; Decommissioning: Must execute the approved decommissioning plan. A final environmental audit is required to verify compliance and obtain clearance ('quitus') before site abandonment.	N/A
Mali	Environmental	Land use changes	Law No. 2021-032 on Pollution and Nuisances. View source Manages land use change impacts through the mandatory ESIA process. It protects "green spaces" and establishes the developer's liability for repairing damages and restoring degraded environments resulting from project activities.	Project Conception & Feasibility phase	It is enforced.	Ministère en charge de l'Environnement, which requires formal advice from multiple other ministries before authorizing any "de-designation" of a protected area.	N/A	Not specified in this law; bound by the timelines of the ESIA decree.	Costs are internalized within the ESIA procedure and the developer's budget for restoration activities.	Promoters must avoid sites designated as classified forests, areas of hunting interest (cynegetic zones), Ramsar sites, and developed pastoral areas and transhumance corridors in order to avoid triggering this complex process.; The environmental and social impact assessment report must evaluate the impacts on land use.; Declassification: The promoter is legally responsible for implementing the site restoration plan and for repairing any environmental damage caused.	Developers should monitor local and regional development plans for any new classifications of protected or green spaces.
Mali	Social	Child labour	Law No. 92-020 (Labour Code) View source The Labour Code strictly prohibits the employment of children under the age of fourteen (Art. L.141) and places severe restrictions on the work of minors between 14 and 18.	Construction & Operation.	It is strictly enforced.	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	The developer has an absolute, zero-tolerance obligation to ensure that no person under 14 is employed on the GMG site, either directly or through sub-contractors.	N/A

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